Introduction
In such industries and applications as oil and gas, crude oil refining, petrochemical processing and power generation, the potential for construction material mix-ups is very real, and the need for traceability through objective quality evidence (OQE) has never been greater than it is today. Fortunately, the instrumentation available to detect inadvertent material substitutions through positive material identification (PMI) has never been more available, portable or powerful than it is today.